General-purpose input/output (GPIO) is a generic pin on an integrated circuit or computer board whose behavior--including whether it is an input or output pin--is controllable by the user at run time.
GPIO pins have no predefined purpose, and go unused by default. The idea is that sometimes a system integrator who is building a full system might need a handful of additional digital control lines--and having these available from a chip avoids having to arrange additional circuitry to provide them. For example, the Realtek ALC260 chips (audio codec) have 8 GPIO pins, which go unused by default. Some system integrators (Acer Inc. laptops) use the first GPIO (GPIO_0) on the ALC260 to turn on the amplifier for the laptop's internal speakers and external headphone jack.
Video General-purpose input/output
Usage
Manufacturers use GPIOs in:
- Devices with pin scarcity: integrated circuits such as system-on-a-chip, embedded and custom hardware, and programmable logic devices (for example, FPGAs)
- Multifunction chips: power managers, audio codecs, and video cards
- Embedded applications (Arduino, BeagleBone, PSoC kits, Raspberry Pi, etc.) use GPIO for reading from various environmental sensors (IR, video, temperature, 3-axis orientation, and acceleration), and for writing output to DC motors (via PWM), audio, LC displays, or LEDs for status.
Maps General-purpose input/output
Capabilities
GPIO capabilities may include:
- GPIO pins can be configured to be input or output
- GPIO pins can be enabled/disabled
- Input values are readable (typically high or low)
- Output values are writable/readable
- Input values can often be used as IRQs (typically for wakeup events)
GPIO peripherals vary widely. In some cases, they are simple--a group of pins that can switch as a group to either input or output. In others, each pin can be set up to accept or source different logic voltages, with configurable drive strengths and pull ups/downs. Input and output voltages are typically--though not always--limited to the supply voltage of the device with the GPIOs, and may be damaged by greater voltages.
A GPIO pin's state may be exposed to the software developer through one of a number of different interfaces, such as a memory mapped peripheral, or through dedicated IO port instructions. Some GPIOs have 5 V tolerant inputs: even when the device has a low supply voltage (such as 2 V), the device can accept 5 V without damage.
Ports
A GPIO port is a group of GPIO pins (typically 8 GPIO pins) arranged in a group and controlled as a group.
See also
- Bit banging
- Programmed input/output
- SGPIO
- I²C
- Serial Peripheral Interface Bus
- Special input/output
References
External links
- GPIO framework for FreeBSD
- FreeBSD gpio(3) API manual
- FreeBSD gpioctl(8) manual
- FreeBSD gpio(4) manual
- ALSA Development List
- Linux Kernel Doc on GPIO
- LinuxTV GPIO Pins Info
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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